Bibliography
Primary Sources
"Angora Vote Makes Turkey a Republic; Kemal Pasha Is Elected First President." Editorial. The New York Times 29 Oct. 1923. 13 May 2013.“Ataturk Glancing Right” Kemal Ataturk Files, Photograph. Feb. 24, 2013.
This was an exciting newspaper article, written shortly after Ataturk was elected president. This contemporary report demonstrates how much of a change it was to the Turkish to be electing a leader and becoming a Republic instead of an Empire.
“Ataturk Glancing Right” Kemal Ataturk Files, Photograph. Feb. 24, 2013.
This is the image I used on my “Turning Point” page. The photograph of Atatürk was a nice visual to incorporate because it clearly showed his face in detail, making it easier to spot him in other photographs. His glance to the right brings progression to mind.
Ataturk Introducing New Turkish Alphabet. 1928. Photograph. T.C. Cumhurbaskanligi.
Ataturk rewrote the entire Turkish alphabet from Arabic script to the Latin alphabet. This photograph shows him in a school teaching children the new alphabet. This source helped me visualize the immense changes that Ataturk instituted for the Turkish people, and his determination for change.
Ataturk - Ismet Inonu. 1921. Photograph. T. C. Cumhurbaskanligig, Eskisehir, Turkey.
This photograph pictures Ataturk and a few military guards. This image showed the amount of power and authority Ataturk had, and how he used military power to ward off opposition.
“Ataturk Memorial” The Huffington Post. Feb. 2012, Photograph. April 1, 2013.
This is an image of the face of Ataturk carved into a mountain. This shows how much of an impact Ataturk has made on the Turkish people, and how much they respect him.
Ataturk Speaking. Turkish People. Web. Nov 20 2012.
This image, a profile of Ataturk in the middle of a speech, demonstrated Ataturk’s involvement with the public.
Burton, Dan. Letter to Hudai Yavalar. 1 Mar. 2007. MS. N.p.
This was a letter written by a House of Representatives member to the head of the Ataturk Society of America. The letter addressed the significance of Ataturk. In this letter, Dan Burton also addressed how he will work to distribute books about Ataturk
to public schools and universities.
“Declaration of the war of Independence” Wikipedia Commons, 1914, Photograph. April 1, 2013.
This was an image of the declaration of independence. This image showed me how nationalistic the War was, as I could see that by the many Turkish flags surrounding the announcers.
“First 18 Woman in Parliament.” Wikipedia Commons, Photograph. Jan 13, 2013/
This inspirational photo shows some of the first politically active woman in Turkey. This represents major feminine reform under Ataturk.
Hekimgil, M. Emin. The Father of Modern Turkey: Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. Ankara: Ministry of Culture, 1990. Print.
This book is a collection of Ataturk's letters and speeches, translated into English. This source was important in helping me to understand what Ataturk’s policies really were, and what he stood for.
Kaylan, Muammer. The Kemalists: Islamic Revival and the Fate of Secular Turkey. Amherst, NY: Prometheus, 2005. Print.
Muammer Kaylan experienced Ataturk’s rule and relayed his experiences to write this book, making it offer valuable insight on Ataturk’s rule and how his reforms impacted society. This book focuses specifically on Ataturk’s secular reforms, and tells how, in many ways, Turkey has been affected in that respect.
Kinross, Lord. Ataturk: A Biography of Mustafa Kemal, Father of Modern Turkey. New York: Quill, 1964. Print.
This is one of the most famous biographies written about Ataturk. One of the first English biographies on Ataturk, it helped me understand Ataturk's mindset, and offered invaluable information about his personal life, and his role as a president and national hero.
Korkmaz, Lale. E-mail interview. 13 May 2013
This interview gave me insight on what it would be like living after Ataturk's reforms, and how much of the youth of today view him.
Leroux, Alain J. Original Music from Turkey. 2010. MP3.
This traditional Ottoman music, found on my homepage, allows you to get immersed in Turkish culture. The music shows partially how under Ataturk, culture continued to thrive, and how previous Ottoman culture was not crushed, but encouraged.
Mass hanging- Opposition. June, 1925. Photograph. Diyabakir, Turkey.
This picture shows a group of Kurdish being hung. This image was helpful because it showed how Ataturk dealt with his opposition.
Mustafa Kemal Pasha. Time Magazine. 21 Feb. 1927. Web. 11 Feb. 2013.
This is an image of a Time magazine cover featuring Ataturk. This Time cover allowed me to see Ataturk’s political impact was not just limited to Turkey, and how Ataturk was widely recognized all around the world.
Mustafa Kemal. University of Mary Washington. 2012. Web. 18 Jan. 2012.
This is a black-and-white photo picturing Ataturk. The photograph helped me visualize him better. I was clearly able to see his determination in his eyes to make Turkey great.
“Opposition Group” Ararat News. 1938. Dersim, Turkey. Photograph. Feb. 28, 2013.
This was a faded image of a group of Kurdish. This gave me a bit of insight to how it was like being Kurdish and supporting your beliefs, even while the punishment is death.
“Ottoman Empire” Wikipedia Commons. 1878. Constantinople. Photograph. April 2, 2013.
This was a black-and-white image of the daily life in the Ottoman Empire; this helped me to see what life was like in the late 19th century for Ottomans
“Present Day Turkey” Tech Middle East. Photograph. Jan 15, 2013.
This is a political map of current-day Turkey. This helped me see the geographic context.
President Kennedy –Speech on Ataturk. 16 September 2007. Web. 26 Jan 2013.
Found at: <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7RfCGap0Pic>
This was an insightful and rare footage of a speech by President John F. Kennedy commemorating the anniversary of Ataturk’s death. It portrayed the relationship between the USA and Turkey, and showed how that relationship is linked directly back to Ataturk.
Proclamation of the Ottoman Constitution in 1876. Turkey’s War. 22 May, 2009. Illustration,Web. 10 Feb. 2013.
This is an illustration of a typical busy day in the Ottoman Empire. This image helped me get a visual on how a day in the crumbling Ottoman Empire might look like, and allowed me to understand the historical context and the extent of change that was implemented by Ataturk on Turkey to make it the Republic it is today.
“Republic of Turkey” Tech Middle East. Photograph. Jan 17, 2012.
This is a physical map of Turkey. It was informative, and helped me understand the different terrain in Turkey.
Signing of the treaty of Lausanne. World Socialist Website. 15 Oct 2012. Web. 18 Jan. 2013.
This is a simple black-and-white image picturing the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne, an extremely important event in the course of Turkey’s War of Independence. It shows six officials gathered around a table, getting ready to sign the treaty.
The Great Abu Sa'ud Teaching Law: Folio from the Divan of Mahmud 'Abd Al-Baqi. 1600s. Painting. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
This piece of traditional Ottoman art reflects on the pleasures of courtly life in Istanbul during the Ottoman Empire.
"Turkey Will Be proclaimed a Republic, With a President Having 4 or 5 Year Terms." The New York Times. 13 May 2013.
This old newpaper article was published only days before the election of Mustapha Kemal as prime minister. This source helped me better understand how the republic was set up.
Secondary Sources
Aga, Kenan. Email Interview. 12 May 2013.
This email interview gave invaluable information about Ataturk and provided an inspiring quote by Ataturk that helped me to better understand the relations between the US and Turkey during the 1930s.
Atalay, Bulent. "Einstein's Letter to Ataturk's Turkey." Nationalgeographic.com. NationalGeographic, 22 May 2012. Web. 14 Feb. 2013. <http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2012/05/22/einsteins-and-ataturk-part-ii-einsteins-letter/>.
This site made me realize the importance of Ataturk on a global scale. It also highlighted the relationship between two of the greatest people of the 20th century, Albert Einstein and Ataturk.
"Ataturk." Ataturk Society of America. Ataturk Society of America, 2011. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. <http://ataturksociety.org/ataturk.asp>.
This helped me better understand what Ataturk’s policies were, and who, exactly, he was.
Ataturk - Republic of Turkiye. 19 February 2007. Web. 27 Jan 2013. Found at: <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-4KKL7AYYA&feature>
This footage, made by the Turkish government was slightly biased. It led me to greater understand and visualize Ataturk and the immediate context of his emergence, and allowed me to see how respected he is in Turkey, even today.
Bingol, Yavuz. Canakale Incide. 2007. MP3.
This song was written about the war heroes that died during WW1, especially during Gallipoli. Through the music and voice, you can really feel the hurt that consumes this song.
"Biography of Ataturk." Kemalist Union of USA. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Feb. 2013. <http://www.amerikakemalistlerbirligi.com/BiographyENG.aspx>.
This source provided a rough outline of the life of Ataturk, and let me really see what kind of lifestyle he came from, and how his life as a general influenced his presidency.
"Caliphate." Encyclopedia of the Middle East. N.p., 2008. Web. 27 Nov. 2012. <http://www.mideastweb.org/Middle-East-Encyclopedia/caliphate.htm>.
This source helped me understand the ruling system of the Islamic Ottoman Empire. I could see how, unlike in Ataturk’s Rebublic, the Ottoman government incorporated religion and state.
Culture and Math: The Moors of Spain. Fabien-Baber, 2006. Full Video. Discovery Education.Web. 25 January 2013. <http://www.discoveryeducation.com/>
This video gave me information about the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent and gave insight on how the Ottomans lived. It also helped me to understand reasons for the decline of the Ottoman Empire.
Davison, Roderic H., and C. H. Dodd. Turkey: A Short History. 3rd ed. Huntingdon, England: Eothen, 1998. Print.
This book helped me understand the historical context and the immediate events that surrounded the turning point of the start of the War of Independence.
Emre, Sides. Email Interview. May 13, 2013.
This email interview was extremely helpful. Professor Emre helped me understand the emergence of Ataturk and the economic decline of the Ottoman Empire from a scholarly, unbiased perspective.
"Fact Sheet: Armenian Genocide." The University of Michigan-Dearborn. Knights of Vartan
Armenian Research Center, 3 Apr. 1996. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. <http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/armenian/facts/genocide.html>.
This source helped me understand the negative sides of the war, and informed me of the huge masses of Christian Armenians that were slaughtered during WWI. This helped explain the tragic state the Ottoman Empire was in after WWI.
“Growth of the Ottoman Empire” Middle East Web. Photograph. April 2, 2013.
This map shows the expansion of the Ottoman Empire over time, which helped me better understand its growth and contraction.
"In Ataturk's Own Words." Ataturk Society of America. N.p., 2011. Web. 14 Feb.
2013. <http://www.ataturksociety.org/ataturk.asp?id=5>.
This page was a collection of quotes from Ataturk that, when put together, are read like an autobiography. This proved very useful, and allowed me to come to several conclusions based on Ataturk’s words.
Incredible Turk. Prod. Burton Benjamin. National Archives. N.p., 1958. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.651784>.
This video provided valuable information about the modernization of Turkey and especially gave me insight on the historical context of the creation of the Republic of Turkey.
"Mustafa Kemal Ataturk." Encyclopedia of the Middle East. N.p., 2008. Web. 25 Nov. 2012.
<http://www.mideastweb.org/Middle-East-Encyclopedia/kemal-ataturk.htm>.
This website showed the impact of Ataturk’s policies on modern day Turkey. It highlighted Ataturk’s political stance, and went into detail about the War of Independence.
"Mustafa Kemal Ataturk." N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2012. <http://www.turkishpeople.com/ataturk/life.htm>.
This source, written with a slight Turkish bias, helped me better understand the average Turkish persons perspective on the rule of Ataturk.
Mango, Andrew. The Turks Today. New York: Overlook, 2004. Print.
Andrew Mango, who is highly regarded for his knowledge of Ataturk and Turkish history, wrote this book. It focuses on Ataturk's lasting changes, and the long-term impact he had on Turkish society.
"Ottoman Empire." Encyclopedia of the Middle East. N.p., 2008. Web. 1 April. 2013.
<http://www.mideastweb.org/Middle-East-Encyclopedia/ottoman.htm>.
This explained a lot of the basic facts about the Ottoman Empire to me and offered insight on the previous economy and Sultans during the decline of the Ottoman Empire.
Ozbudun, Ergun, and Ali Kazancigil. Ataturk; Founder of a Modern State. Hamden, CT: Archon,1981. Print.
Like Lord Kinross' book, this is an older source. Though old, this book has lots of interesting facts about Turkey and traces some of his beliefs and reforms to modern society.
Hanioglu, M. Sukru. A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2008. Print.
This book focuses on the time period preceding the turning point of Ataturk's rule. It really helped me to greater understand where Ataturk was coming from, and the historical context of the beginning of the War of Independence.
Mango, Andrew. Ataturk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey. Woodstock, NY: Overlook, 1999. Print.
This biography by Andrew Mango is one of the most famous modern accounts of Ataturk's rule. It is dense and includes many references. It is a very thorough accounting of his life, and was extremely helpful in my research.
Sander, Oral. “Nationalism and Peace: the Significance of Ataturk’s Movement”. 1981. PDF file. Web. 12 Jan. 2013.
This was a very helpful data file that offered varying opinions about the movements of Ataturk. Written by Dr. Sander, the information provided an interesting outlay of the nationalism demonstrated by Ataturk, and included some extremely interesting quotes about Turkish nationalism.
Sansal, Burak. "Gallipoli Campaign." All About Turkey. N.p., 2011. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. <http://www.allaboutturkey.com/gelibolu.htm>.
This website gave me the background and historical context of World War I and the Gallipoli campaign.
"Treaty of Lausanne (Allies-Turkey [1923])." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2012.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/332502/Treaty-of-Lausanne>.
This source helped me understand how the Sultan had practically given up hope on the Ottoman Empire. It also helped me see the demands represented in Treaty of Lausanne, and helped me realize this treaty’s lasting impact.
“Turkey's Economy." ECOVIS. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2013. <http://www.ecovis.com/index.php?id=turkey-economy>.
This website gave me current information on Turkeys current economy and GDP.
Üngör, Osman. Turkish National Anthem. 2007. MP3
This music provokes a sense of pride. I felt that the “A New Chapter” page was missing something, and that thing turned out to be pride and nationalism, so this song was perfect for that page.
Yeniceri, Elif A. "Ataturk and the Modernization of Turkey." All About Istanbul. N.p., 26 May 2003. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. <http://allaboutistanbul.tripod.com/ataturk.htm>.
This source helped me see how Ataturk truly modernized the previously backward heavily Islamic Empire. I could clearly see how Ataturk beginning of the War of Independence truly was the turning point.
Yildirim, Ilyas. "About Turkey (Turkish History)." University of Rochester, 27 Oct. 2007.
Web. 27 Nov. 2012. <http://www.pas.rochester.edu/~yildirim/turkey_history.htm>.
This helped me better understand the historical context of the War of Independence, and how the Ottoman Empire functioned.
"Angora Vote Makes Turkey a Republic; Kemal Pasha Is Elected First President." Editorial. The New York Times 29 Oct. 1923. 13 May 2013.“Ataturk Glancing Right” Kemal Ataturk Files, Photograph. Feb. 24, 2013.
This was an exciting newspaper article, written shortly after Ataturk was elected president. This contemporary report demonstrates how much of a change it was to the Turkish to be electing a leader and becoming a Republic instead of an Empire.
“Ataturk Glancing Right” Kemal Ataturk Files, Photograph. Feb. 24, 2013.
This is the image I used on my “Turning Point” page. The photograph of Atatürk was a nice visual to incorporate because it clearly showed his face in detail, making it easier to spot him in other photographs. His glance to the right brings progression to mind.
Ataturk Introducing New Turkish Alphabet. 1928. Photograph. T.C. Cumhurbaskanligi.
Ataturk rewrote the entire Turkish alphabet from Arabic script to the Latin alphabet. This photograph shows him in a school teaching children the new alphabet. This source helped me visualize the immense changes that Ataturk instituted for the Turkish people, and his determination for change.
Ataturk - Ismet Inonu. 1921. Photograph. T. C. Cumhurbaskanligig, Eskisehir, Turkey.
This photograph pictures Ataturk and a few military guards. This image showed the amount of power and authority Ataturk had, and how he used military power to ward off opposition.
“Ataturk Memorial” The Huffington Post. Feb. 2012, Photograph. April 1, 2013.
This is an image of the face of Ataturk carved into a mountain. This shows how much of an impact Ataturk has made on the Turkish people, and how much they respect him.
Ataturk Speaking. Turkish People. Web. Nov 20 2012.
This image, a profile of Ataturk in the middle of a speech, demonstrated Ataturk’s involvement with the public.
Burton, Dan. Letter to Hudai Yavalar. 1 Mar. 2007. MS. N.p.
This was a letter written by a House of Representatives member to the head of the Ataturk Society of America. The letter addressed the significance of Ataturk. In this letter, Dan Burton also addressed how he will work to distribute books about Ataturk
to public schools and universities.
“Declaration of the war of Independence” Wikipedia Commons, 1914, Photograph. April 1, 2013.
This was an image of the declaration of independence. This image showed me how nationalistic the War was, as I could see that by the many Turkish flags surrounding the announcers.
“First 18 Woman in Parliament.” Wikipedia Commons, Photograph. Jan 13, 2013/
This inspirational photo shows some of the first politically active woman in Turkey. This represents major feminine reform under Ataturk.
Hekimgil, M. Emin. The Father of Modern Turkey: Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. Ankara: Ministry of Culture, 1990. Print.
This book is a collection of Ataturk's letters and speeches, translated into English. This source was important in helping me to understand what Ataturk’s policies really were, and what he stood for.
Kaylan, Muammer. The Kemalists: Islamic Revival and the Fate of Secular Turkey. Amherst, NY: Prometheus, 2005. Print.
Muammer Kaylan experienced Ataturk’s rule and relayed his experiences to write this book, making it offer valuable insight on Ataturk’s rule and how his reforms impacted society. This book focuses specifically on Ataturk’s secular reforms, and tells how, in many ways, Turkey has been affected in that respect.
Kinross, Lord. Ataturk: A Biography of Mustafa Kemal, Father of Modern Turkey. New York: Quill, 1964. Print.
This is one of the most famous biographies written about Ataturk. One of the first English biographies on Ataturk, it helped me understand Ataturk's mindset, and offered invaluable information about his personal life, and his role as a president and national hero.
Korkmaz, Lale. E-mail interview. 13 May 2013
This interview gave me insight on what it would be like living after Ataturk's reforms, and how much of the youth of today view him.
Leroux, Alain J. Original Music from Turkey. 2010. MP3.
This traditional Ottoman music, found on my homepage, allows you to get immersed in Turkish culture. The music shows partially how under Ataturk, culture continued to thrive, and how previous Ottoman culture was not crushed, but encouraged.
Mass hanging- Opposition. June, 1925. Photograph. Diyabakir, Turkey.
This picture shows a group of Kurdish being hung. This image was helpful because it showed how Ataturk dealt with his opposition.
Mustafa Kemal Pasha. Time Magazine. 21 Feb. 1927. Web. 11 Feb. 2013.
This is an image of a Time magazine cover featuring Ataturk. This Time cover allowed me to see Ataturk’s political impact was not just limited to Turkey, and how Ataturk was widely recognized all around the world.
Mustafa Kemal. University of Mary Washington. 2012. Web. 18 Jan. 2012.
This is a black-and-white photo picturing Ataturk. The photograph helped me visualize him better. I was clearly able to see his determination in his eyes to make Turkey great.
“Opposition Group” Ararat News. 1938. Dersim, Turkey. Photograph. Feb. 28, 2013.
This was a faded image of a group of Kurdish. This gave me a bit of insight to how it was like being Kurdish and supporting your beliefs, even while the punishment is death.
“Ottoman Empire” Wikipedia Commons. 1878. Constantinople. Photograph. April 2, 2013.
This was a black-and-white image of the daily life in the Ottoman Empire; this helped me to see what life was like in the late 19th century for Ottomans
“Present Day Turkey” Tech Middle East. Photograph. Jan 15, 2013.
This is a political map of current-day Turkey. This helped me see the geographic context.
President Kennedy –Speech on Ataturk. 16 September 2007. Web. 26 Jan 2013.
Found at: <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7RfCGap0Pic>
This was an insightful and rare footage of a speech by President John F. Kennedy commemorating the anniversary of Ataturk’s death. It portrayed the relationship between the USA and Turkey, and showed how that relationship is linked directly back to Ataturk.
Proclamation of the Ottoman Constitution in 1876. Turkey’s War. 22 May, 2009. Illustration,Web. 10 Feb. 2013.
This is an illustration of a typical busy day in the Ottoman Empire. This image helped me get a visual on how a day in the crumbling Ottoman Empire might look like, and allowed me to understand the historical context and the extent of change that was implemented by Ataturk on Turkey to make it the Republic it is today.
“Republic of Turkey” Tech Middle East. Photograph. Jan 17, 2012.
This is a physical map of Turkey. It was informative, and helped me understand the different terrain in Turkey.
Signing of the treaty of Lausanne. World Socialist Website. 15 Oct 2012. Web. 18 Jan. 2013.
This is a simple black-and-white image picturing the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne, an extremely important event in the course of Turkey’s War of Independence. It shows six officials gathered around a table, getting ready to sign the treaty.
The Great Abu Sa'ud Teaching Law: Folio from the Divan of Mahmud 'Abd Al-Baqi. 1600s. Painting. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
This piece of traditional Ottoman art reflects on the pleasures of courtly life in Istanbul during the Ottoman Empire.
"Turkey Will Be proclaimed a Republic, With a President Having 4 or 5 Year Terms." The New York Times. 13 May 2013.
This old newpaper article was published only days before the election of Mustapha Kemal as prime minister. This source helped me better understand how the republic was set up.
Secondary Sources
Aga, Kenan. Email Interview. 12 May 2013.
This email interview gave invaluable information about Ataturk and provided an inspiring quote by Ataturk that helped me to better understand the relations between the US and Turkey during the 1930s.
Atalay, Bulent. "Einstein's Letter to Ataturk's Turkey." Nationalgeographic.com. NationalGeographic, 22 May 2012. Web. 14 Feb. 2013. <http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2012/05/22/einsteins-and-ataturk-part-ii-einsteins-letter/>.
This site made me realize the importance of Ataturk on a global scale. It also highlighted the relationship between two of the greatest people of the 20th century, Albert Einstein and Ataturk.
"Ataturk." Ataturk Society of America. Ataturk Society of America, 2011. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. <http://ataturksociety.org/ataturk.asp>.
This helped me better understand what Ataturk’s policies were, and who, exactly, he was.
Ataturk - Republic of Turkiye. 19 February 2007. Web. 27 Jan 2013. Found at: <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-4KKL7AYYA&feature>
This footage, made by the Turkish government was slightly biased. It led me to greater understand and visualize Ataturk and the immediate context of his emergence, and allowed me to see how respected he is in Turkey, even today.
Bingol, Yavuz. Canakale Incide. 2007. MP3.
This song was written about the war heroes that died during WW1, especially during Gallipoli. Through the music and voice, you can really feel the hurt that consumes this song.
"Biography of Ataturk." Kemalist Union of USA. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Feb. 2013. <http://www.amerikakemalistlerbirligi.com/BiographyENG.aspx>.
This source provided a rough outline of the life of Ataturk, and let me really see what kind of lifestyle he came from, and how his life as a general influenced his presidency.
"Caliphate." Encyclopedia of the Middle East. N.p., 2008. Web. 27 Nov. 2012. <http://www.mideastweb.org/Middle-East-Encyclopedia/caliphate.htm>.
This source helped me understand the ruling system of the Islamic Ottoman Empire. I could see how, unlike in Ataturk’s Rebublic, the Ottoman government incorporated religion and state.
Culture and Math: The Moors of Spain. Fabien-Baber, 2006. Full Video. Discovery Education.Web. 25 January 2013. <http://www.discoveryeducation.com/>
This video gave me information about the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent and gave insight on how the Ottomans lived. It also helped me to understand reasons for the decline of the Ottoman Empire.
Davison, Roderic H., and C. H. Dodd. Turkey: A Short History. 3rd ed. Huntingdon, England: Eothen, 1998. Print.
This book helped me understand the historical context and the immediate events that surrounded the turning point of the start of the War of Independence.
Emre, Sides. Email Interview. May 13, 2013.
This email interview was extremely helpful. Professor Emre helped me understand the emergence of Ataturk and the economic decline of the Ottoman Empire from a scholarly, unbiased perspective.
"Fact Sheet: Armenian Genocide." The University of Michigan-Dearborn. Knights of Vartan
Armenian Research Center, 3 Apr. 1996. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. <http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/armenian/facts/genocide.html>.
This source helped me understand the negative sides of the war, and informed me of the huge masses of Christian Armenians that were slaughtered during WWI. This helped explain the tragic state the Ottoman Empire was in after WWI.
“Growth of the Ottoman Empire” Middle East Web. Photograph. April 2, 2013.
This map shows the expansion of the Ottoman Empire over time, which helped me better understand its growth and contraction.
"In Ataturk's Own Words." Ataturk Society of America. N.p., 2011. Web. 14 Feb.
2013. <http://www.ataturksociety.org/ataturk.asp?id=5>.
This page was a collection of quotes from Ataturk that, when put together, are read like an autobiography. This proved very useful, and allowed me to come to several conclusions based on Ataturk’s words.
Incredible Turk. Prod. Burton Benjamin. National Archives. N.p., 1958. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. <http://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.651784>.
This video provided valuable information about the modernization of Turkey and especially gave me insight on the historical context of the creation of the Republic of Turkey.
"Mustafa Kemal Ataturk." Encyclopedia of the Middle East. N.p., 2008. Web. 25 Nov. 2012.
<http://www.mideastweb.org/Middle-East-Encyclopedia/kemal-ataturk.htm>.
This website showed the impact of Ataturk’s policies on modern day Turkey. It highlighted Ataturk’s political stance, and went into detail about the War of Independence.
"Mustafa Kemal Ataturk." N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2012. <http://www.turkishpeople.com/ataturk/life.htm>.
This source, written with a slight Turkish bias, helped me better understand the average Turkish persons perspective on the rule of Ataturk.
Mango, Andrew. The Turks Today. New York: Overlook, 2004. Print.
Andrew Mango, who is highly regarded for his knowledge of Ataturk and Turkish history, wrote this book. It focuses on Ataturk's lasting changes, and the long-term impact he had on Turkish society.
"Ottoman Empire." Encyclopedia of the Middle East. N.p., 2008. Web. 1 April. 2013.
<http://www.mideastweb.org/Middle-East-Encyclopedia/ottoman.htm>.
This explained a lot of the basic facts about the Ottoman Empire to me and offered insight on the previous economy and Sultans during the decline of the Ottoman Empire.
Ozbudun, Ergun, and Ali Kazancigil. Ataturk; Founder of a Modern State. Hamden, CT: Archon,1981. Print.
Like Lord Kinross' book, this is an older source. Though old, this book has lots of interesting facts about Turkey and traces some of his beliefs and reforms to modern society.
Hanioglu, M. Sukru. A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2008. Print.
This book focuses on the time period preceding the turning point of Ataturk's rule. It really helped me to greater understand where Ataturk was coming from, and the historical context of the beginning of the War of Independence.
Mango, Andrew. Ataturk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey. Woodstock, NY: Overlook, 1999. Print.
This biography by Andrew Mango is one of the most famous modern accounts of Ataturk's rule. It is dense and includes many references. It is a very thorough accounting of his life, and was extremely helpful in my research.
Sander, Oral. “Nationalism and Peace: the Significance of Ataturk’s Movement”. 1981. PDF file. Web. 12 Jan. 2013.
This was a very helpful data file that offered varying opinions about the movements of Ataturk. Written by Dr. Sander, the information provided an interesting outlay of the nationalism demonstrated by Ataturk, and included some extremely interesting quotes about Turkish nationalism.
Sansal, Burak. "Gallipoli Campaign." All About Turkey. N.p., 2011. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. <http://www.allaboutturkey.com/gelibolu.htm>.
This website gave me the background and historical context of World War I and the Gallipoli campaign.
"Treaty of Lausanne (Allies-Turkey [1923])." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2012.
<http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/332502/Treaty-of-Lausanne>.
This source helped me understand how the Sultan had practically given up hope on the Ottoman Empire. It also helped me see the demands represented in Treaty of Lausanne, and helped me realize this treaty’s lasting impact.
“Turkey's Economy." ECOVIS. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2013. <http://www.ecovis.com/index.php?id=turkey-economy>.
This website gave me current information on Turkeys current economy and GDP.
Üngör, Osman. Turkish National Anthem. 2007. MP3
This music provokes a sense of pride. I felt that the “A New Chapter” page was missing something, and that thing turned out to be pride and nationalism, so this song was perfect for that page.
Yeniceri, Elif A. "Ataturk and the Modernization of Turkey." All About Istanbul. N.p., 26 May 2003. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. <http://allaboutistanbul.tripod.com/ataturk.htm>.
This source helped me see how Ataturk truly modernized the previously backward heavily Islamic Empire. I could clearly see how Ataturk beginning of the War of Independence truly was the turning point.
Yildirim, Ilyas. "About Turkey (Turkish History)." University of Rochester, 27 Oct. 2007.
Web. 27 Nov. 2012. <http://www.pas.rochester.edu/~yildirim/turkey_history.htm>.
This helped me better understand the historical context of the War of Independence, and how the Ottoman Empire functioned.